Universe is growing, but plenty of headroom for banks and corporates to lift green issuance. Increasing focus on green city bonds, resilient infrastructure and alignment with national climate targets.
What’s it all about?
HSBC and the Climate Bonds Initiative have launched the 6th annual ‘Bonds and Climate Change: the State of the Market in 2017’ report at the HSBC Sustainable Finance and Investing Responsibly Briefing on the first day of Climate Week NYC.
Commissioned by HSBC and produced by the Climate Bonds Initiative, the State of the Market has become the authoritative international analysis of both the labelled green bond and ‘climate-aligned’ bond universe.
The Report quantifies all bonds where use of proceeds finance low carbon and climate resilient infrastructure. It examines bonds that finance investments compatible with a 2-degree transition path, rather than investments that are marginally environmentally beneficial.
This takes a cue from the Paris COP21 Agreement that investments should be in line with the emissions reduction trajectory needed to achieve a rapid transition to a sub-2-degree Celsius world.
The headline numbers
This year’s dataset includes all climate-aligned and green bonds issued after 1st January 2005 and before 30th June 2017.
A total of 3,493 bonds from 1,128 issuers across seven climate themes (transport, energy, multi-sector, water, buildings and industry, waste and pollution, agriculture and forestry) have been analysed in the report.
The climate-aligned bond universe now stands at $895bn outstanding - A jump of $201bn from the 2016 figure. This total is comprised of unlabelled climate-aligned bonds at $674bn and labelled green bonds at $221bn.
While $895bn provides a good picture of current climate-aligned investment in the bond market, it does not show the full potential for labelled green bond market growth.
Labelled green bonds are primarily issued by diversified companies, whereas the unlabelled portion of the climate-aligned universe is mostly pure-play issuers.
The labelling of more climate aligned bonds as green bonds by pure-play issuers is an essential step to the shifting of capital flows, in this case fixed income investment, towards climate change solutions.
Green and Climate Aligned - What’s the difference?
Labelled green bonds: Bonds labelled as ‘green’ by the issuer and are financing green assets and projects and form the basis of green indices.
Climate-aligned bonds: This label is increasingly used to refer to bonds that are financing green/climate assets that help enable a low carbon economy, but have not been labelled as ‘green’ by the issuing entity.
Focus on cities and green infrastructure
The 2017 report has a particular focus on cities with ten case studies identifying existing best practice green city bonds issuance along with opportunities for new city based green bond issuance.
Bonds are a key tool to finance climate resilient urban infrastructure.
Key findings: Overall Universe
- The climate-aligned bond universe now stands at $895bn outstanding - A jump of $201bn from the 2016 figure. This total is comprised of unlabelled climate-aligned bonds at $674bn and labelled green bonds at $221bn.
- The $201bn increase on 2016 includes $138bn in new bonds from existing issuers, plus $144bn from new issuers minus $81bn of matured bonds and issuers that no longer meet our climate-aligned criteria.
- In the climate-aligned bond universe, the Chinese RMB is the dominant currency (with 32% of the total amount outstanding), followed by the US dollar (26%) and the Euro (20%).
- 43% of the universe meets basic investment parameters. The majority of bonds have tenors of 10 years or more and are also government-backed.
- Low carbon transport was the largest single sector, accounting for $544bn (61%) of the total $895bn climate aligned universe, followed by clean energy at $173.4bn (19%).
- Building and Industry, Agriculture and Forestry, Waste and Pollution, Water comprise 7% and Multi-Sector bonds are at 13% up from the 2016 figure of 8.2%, a small but welcome pointer towards more diversity in issuance.
Key Findings: Green Bonds
- The largest labelled green bond issuers in descending order are Supranationals, USA, China, France, Germany, Netherlands, Sweden, Spain, Canada, Australia, India and Brazil.
- New York City is amongst the largest sub-sovereign bond issuers in the U.S. The city has shown leadership in supporting best practice with both the Metropolitan Transportation Authority and NYC Housing Development Corporation issuing Climate Bonds Certified green bonds.
- Globally, Development Banks are the largest green issuers with EIB, KfW and World Bank in the top three positions. (See Table 1)
- Issuance from corporates and commercial banks has grown, but demand from institutional investors continues to outstrip supply.
There is significant headroom for higher quality green issuance particularly from banks and corporates. Increasing bank based and corporate issuance is now a vital component in meeting climate finance targets & country climate plans.
Cities and Climate Change
70% of global greenhouse gas emissions come from cities, and many of the world’s most populated cities sit on coastlines, rivers and flood plains. For this reason, they are particularly vulnerable to negative impacts from a changing climate.
The report includes 10 city-based case studies analysing 5 that have successfully issued green bonds: New York, Gothenburg, Wuhan, Hong Kong and Cape Town; and 5 potential green issuers: Amsterdam, Mumbai, Tokyo, Lagos and Medellín.
Green City Issuer: New York City
The city has shown leadership in supporting best practice and potential for future issuance is substantial. New York is a frequent issuer with total issuance since 2012 exceeding $10bn. The planned and current climate infrastructure projects include $1.7bn for subway expansion and $315mn for wastewater adaptation.
Green City Issuer: Cape Town
Cape Town issued its first green bond in July 2017, a ZAR1bn ($76mn) certified Climate Bond; the first certified green bond for South Africa, and the second South African city green bond after Johannesburg in 2014. Proceeds are supporting transportation, energy efficiency, wastewater, and coastal resilience projects.
Potential Green Issuer: Lagos
Lagos is one of the world’s fastest growing megacities, and an economic powerhouse in West Africa. As a waterfront city with a unique set of planning and adaptation challenges, Lagos could benefit significantly from city green bond issuance across a number of sectors, which have been identified as priority areas in the Lagos State Development Plan.
Potential Green Issuer: Tokyo
Japan is home to the world’s second largest bond market. In February 2017, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government (TMG) published a ‘Green Bonds Issuance Policy’ as part of a larger constellation of environmental goal setting, establishing a path to a greener city as Tokyo revamps its infrastructure for the 2020 Olympics.
Who’s saying what?
Zoe Knight Managing Director, Group Head, HSBC Centre of Sustainable Finance:
“The report demonstrates the increasing role of sub sovereigns, and cities in the financing of climate and emissions goals. We need to accelerate sustainable opportunities for long term investment to help meet these goals. More green and climate aligned bond issuance will improve capital allocation, create market depth and help drive the climate outcomes we are all looking for.”
Sean Kidney, Climate Bonds CEO:
“We’re making a start on green finance. But banks, corporates and governments have to be working much more closely with cities to fund climate resilient infrastructure. They must increasingly align their investments with country climate plans and build economic resilience to deal with the climate impacts to come. This also means increasing linkages with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) as a vital part of the transition we face.”
Table 1: Largest Green Bond issuers to date:
Green Bond Issuer | Amount- USD | Issuer Type | Country |
EIB | $22.6bn | Development Bank | Supranational |
KfW | $12.8bn | Development Bank | Supranational |
World Bank | $10.6bn | Development Bank | Supranational |
SPD Bank | $7.6bn | Commercial Bank | China |
Republic of France | $7.6bn | Sovereign | France |
Iberdrola | $5.6bn | Corporate | Spain |
TenneT Holdings | $5.5bn | Corporate | Netherlands |
EDF | $5.3bn | Corporate | France |
IFC | $5.3bn | Development Bank | Supranational |
Engie | $5.1bn | Corporate | France |
The Last Word
As we’ve noted, the climate-aligned bond universe now stands at $895bn outstanding – up by $201bn from the 2016 figure. The total is comprised of unlabelled climate-aligned bonds at $674bn and labelled green bonds at $221bn.
While $895bn provides a good picture of current climate-aligned investment in the bond market, it does not show the full potential for labelled green bond market growth.
Labelled green bonds are primarily issued by diversified companies whereas the unlabelled portion of the climate-aligned universe is mostly pure-play issuers.
More green issuance, particularly from banks and corporates, together with more labelling of green bonds is essential.
The need to shift more fixed income investment towards climate change solutions is growing, as is the need to increase alignment with the emerging city, sub sovereign and national plans aimed at meeting Paris NDC commitments.
The milestone of $1trillion in green finance by 2020, including a ten-fold increase in green bond issuance, has been set by global climate leaders. The demand is there. Internationalasset owners and managers in variousinvestor statements have increasingly said they want more quality sustainable and green investable product.
In the context of a global bond market valued at around $100 trillion, this $1trillion milestone for 2020 is very achievable.
Global finance, including the banking sector, asset managers, big corporates and sub sovereigns have just over three years and four COP conferences to reach it.
'Till next time,
Climate Bonds
Disclosure: ‘Bonds and Climate Change: the state of the market in 2017’ report is produced on an annual basis and commissioned by HSBC. This is the 6th annual report. Previous reports can be found here. HSBC are also a Climate Bonds Partner. A full list of Partners can be found here.
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